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Review Pathophysiology - IV

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V5.5

[Intro: 80 BPM. Heavy vinyl crackle and a deep, humming sub-bass fade in. A breathy vocal hum sets a haunting, cinematic mood.] [Block 1: Slow, heavy trip-hop beat starts. Vocals are intimate and close-mic'd.] Locked-in syndrome. basilar artery stoke; vertical eye movements present (tape-stop) NEXT Lateral pontine syndrome, Stroke of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery (tape-stop) NEXT Lateral medullary, Wallenberg syndrome, Stroke of PICA (tape-stop) NEXT Medial medullary syndrome , Stroke of the anterior spinal artery (tape-stop) NEXT Neonatal intraventricular hemorrhage (Echoing) MECHANISM Reduced glial support and BP porblem in prematures so bleeding into the ventricles, in the germinal matrix (a highly vascularized) (tape-stop) NEXT [Block 2: The sub-bass gets fuzzier. The vocals become slightly more melodic and layered.] Diffuse axonal injury often causes coma or persistent vegetative state (tape-stop) NEXT Conduction aphasia Damage to the arcuate fasciculus (tape-stop) NEXT Heat stroke. confusion, rhabdomyolysis, acute kidney injury, ARDS, DIC seen. (tape-stop) NEXT Huntington disease. neuronal death via glutamate excitotoxicity (tape-stop) NEXT Senile plaques composed of beta-amyloid; neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau (tape-stop) NEXT [Block 3: Drums drop out to a sparse, ticking hi-hat. Tension builds heavily.] HIV-associated dementia due to atrophy in advanced HIV infection (tape-stop) NEXT Idiopathic intracranial hypertension associated with dural venous sinus stenosis; (tape-stop) NEXT Normal pressure hydrocephalus. Idiopathic, CSF pressure elevated episodically, no increase subarachnoid space volume; ventricles expansion distorts the corona radiata so "wobbly, wacky, wet" triad (tape-stop) NEXT Osmotic demyelination syndrome, hyponatremia correction, demyelination in pons (tape-stop) NEXT [Block 4: The full cinematic beat drops back in, wide and lush.] Charcot-Marie-Tooth. Defective proteins involved in the peripheral nerves or the myelin (tape-stop) NEXT Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Destruction of oligodendrocytes due to reactivation of latent JC virus (tape-stop) NEXT Sturge-Weber syndrome. GNAQ gene. anomaly of neural crest derivatives SO capillary vascular malformation, ipsilateral leptomeningeal angioma with calcifications, episcleral hemangioma (tape-stop) NEXT [Block 5: A dragging, relentless rhythm. Chilling vocal harmonies stack up in the background.] Spinal muscular atrophy. Congenital degeneration of anterior horns due to SMN1 mutation so defective snRNP assembly (tape-stop) NEXT Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis; familial form associated with SOD1 (tape-stop) NEXT Poliovirus spreads from of oropharynx lymphoids to small intestine then to CNS via bloodstream. cell destruction in anterior horn of spinal cord (tape-stop) NEXT [Outro: The beat slows to a crawl, leaving just a heavy, dying bassline.] Friedreich ataxia (Echoing) MECHANISM Trinucleotide repeat (GAA) in frataxin gene (iron-binding protein). impaired mitochondrial function SO degeneration of lateral corticospinal tract, spinocerebellar tract, dorsal columns, and dorsal root ganglia [Ending: A final, lingering synthesizer chord fades into the vinyl crackle. Total silence.]